One of the most popular AFM-based mechanical measurements is through force curves, also known as force spectroscopy. To perform these single point measurements, the cantilever approaches towards and retracts from the surface, contacting the surface up to a pre-defined force. The cantilever deflection is measured as a function of z-actuator movement. These force curves contain a wealth of information that can be modelled by various contact mechanics models to extract useful properties such as elastic modulus, stiffness, and adhesion. Force spectroscopy can be conducted in either air or liquid environments.